Moscow withdrew its forces under a 1996 peace agreement brokered by Aleksandr Lebed, then Yeltsin's security chief. The deal gave Chechnya substantial autonomy but not full independence. The Chechen chief of staff, General Aslan Maskhadov, was elected president.
However, Chechnya had been reduced to ruins by the war and Russia failed to invest in reconstruction. General Maskhadov could not control brutal warlords who grew rich by organised crime and kidnapping. Many victims were murdered by their captors.
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